History of Hakkari

Hakkari within Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran triangle had drawn attention of various civilizations with its position and geographic structure, and become the motherland of various nations.

Hakkari had experienced Med, Persian, Selevkos, Abbasi, Seljuk, Mongol, Karakoyunlu, Akkoyunlu and Ottoman reign.

source: aslanakvaryum.com

History of Gümüşhane

History of Gümüşhane, a transition region between Eastern Anatolian and Black Sea Region, reaches till to the 1500s B. C. It was founded on the historical trade road between Trabzon and Iran. It is a natural break point within fruit gardens and wild roses, between Trabzon and Erzurum. It is one of the richest cities of Turkey in connection with plateaus.

source: kultur(dot)gov(dot)tr

History of Giresun

The city`s history really goes back to about 2nd century BCE, when Greek colonists from Sinope established themselves there. Byzantine and Turkish influence on many buildings also indicate its being under their rule as well. But the most astounding discovery is that this island may have been a popular haunt of the Amazonians, the remnants of which are visible to this day in the form of sacred fertility rites that are still performed. But now it is observed as a Muslim practice rather than a Pagan festival.

source: turkeyforyou(dot)com

History of Burdur

The history of the region extends back to pre-historic times; Paleolithic age. The rock drawings discovered in the villages of Baskuyu and Yesilova are the scientific proof of human settlement in the region. Several other archaeological discoveries were also made and various artifacts were unearthed belonging to Neolithic (8000 - 5500 BC) and Calcolithic (5500 - 3200 BC) ages. The most striking studies were carried out at the mounds (tumulus) of Hacilar and Kurucay. Hacilar excavations have brought several pre-historic layers into light, most significant of which are the ones belonging to "Pre-Ceramic Neolithic” period and "Late Neolithic" dating back 5400 BC.

As from the 17th century BC the area came under the rule of the Arzawa kingdom, the western neighbor of the Hittites, and the antecedents of the kingdom of Lydia in the post-Hittite era. They had become the rulers of Pisidia, Pamphylia and Lycia regions of Anatolia. During the 7th century BC, Pisidia, and Phrygia was conquered by the kingdom of Lydia. In 546 BC, Croesus, the King of Lydia was defeated by Persians who ruled over the region until the arrival of Alexander the Great in 334 BC.

After the 1st century BC., the area was controlled by the Romans, and later inherited by the Byzantine Empire, the East Romans. In the 11th century AD and onwards, Turks inhabited the region, and later passed to the hands of Ottomans. After the foundation of Republic, Burdur was made a province capital of Turkey.

source: travellinkturkey.com

History of Bolu

Bolu was part of one of the Hittite kingdoms around 2000 BC and later 500 BC became one of the leading cities of the Kingdom of Bithynia. Strabo (XII, 4, 7) mentions a Hellenistic town, Bithynium, celebrated for its pastures and cheese, which according to Pausanias (VIII, 9) was founded by Arcadians from Mantinea.

In the Ancient Roman era, as is shown by its coins, the town was commonly called Claudiopolis after Emperor Claudius. It was the birthplace of Antinous, the posthumously deified favourite of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was very generous to the city, and his name was later added to that of Claudius on the coins of the city. Emperor Theodosius II (408-50) made it the capital of a new province, formed out of Bithynia and Paphlagonia, and called by him Honorias in honour of his younger son Honorius.

source: wikipedia.org

History of Zonguldak

We know that the discovery of coal in Ereğli (Heraclea) region dated to the reign of Sultan Mahmud II and its extraction dated to Abdülmecid's reign.

The first specimen of Turkish coal was brought from Ereğli to Istanbul in 1822, but nothing was done for exploration and exploitation of this coal. However, in 1829, another specimen of coal was brought to Istanbul by Uzun (The Long) Mehmet, a sailor and native of the village of Kestaneci, near Ereğli. This time attention was given to the discovery and the sailor received a reward of a life pension, but before he could benefit from this reward he was murdered.

The first miners requested and delivered from the Austrian Government are the Austrian Croats known to have been employes in the Ereğli Coal Mines. The correspondence between Istanbul and the embassy in Vienna show that coal production in the Ereğli Basin predates the March 1837 request by 18 months and that production started around September 1835.

An investigation of Hazine-i Hassa (Ottoman Imperial Treasury Department) records in the Ottoman archives shows that regular mining activities in the Ereğli Basin started in February 1841. This is confirmed by a newspaper article published in the 14 February 1841 issue of Ceride-i Havadis.

Ereğli Coal Company chartered by six partners (Ahmed Fethi Pasha, Rıza Pasha, Safveti Pasha, Tahir Bey Efendi, Izzet Pasha and Mustafa Efendi) to excavate the coal in the Ereğli Coal Basin which initially was under the auspice of Darphane-i Amire and was later transferred to Hazine-i Hassa when it was established in 1849

source: wikipedia.org