It is thought that Achaeans, before building the Mycenaean Civilization in Eagen Region, invaded the Western Anatolian Coasts (including Samsun, Sinop and Amasra) and introduced the Copper Age Civilization to the local people. Meanwhile, Kaskians and Hittites were the dominant force in the inner regions and they were also living the Copper Age Civilization.
Bartin and its surrounding as accepted to have been possessed by the Kaskians in the 14th century B.C. and by the Hittites in the 13th Century B.C. was dominated by Bithynians and Paphlagonians in the end of the 13th Century B.C. Then Phyrigians (12th Century B.C.), Cimmerians (7th Century B.C.), Lydians (6th Century B.C), Persians (in 547 B.C.), Macedonians (334 B.C.) and Pontians (279 B.C.) settled respectively to Bartin.
In 70 B.C. Romans ended the domination of Pontus Kingdom and invaded the region after entering Anatolia. The Bithynian and Pontian part in Paphlagonia began to be governed by Bithynian Pontian State through satrapial system. Amasra became the capital of the Pontian part of the State.
Bartin was in control of Roman Empire until 395 A.D. and after the Roman Empire was divided into two as Roman and Byzantine Empires, it remained within the borders of Byzantine Empire.
Bartin and its surrounding was attacked by Caspians, Pechenegs and Cumans in 390 B.C., by muslim Arabs in 798 A.D. by Seljuqs in 800 and by Russians in 865.
In 1084 Emir Karatigin, one of the commanders of Kutalmisoglu Suleyman Bey invaded Sinop, Cankiri, Kastamonu and Zonguldak and built a Turkish Emirate covering Bartin, Ulus, Eflani, Safranbolu and Devrek in the region. In 1326, Candaroglu Principality dominated the region after the Seljuq sovereignty of 200 years and the region became dominated by Ottoman Empire in 1392.
When Bartin history is examined together with the histories of Kastamonu, Sinop and Bolu, it can be seen that Bartin and Ulus, during the years between the 4th crusade and 1460, were in the period of empires and emirates which were frequently changed because of the great power conflicts in Anatolia. Amasra was under the sovereignty of Roman and Byzantine Empires from 70 B.C to 1261 A.D, and then remained as a Genoese Colony under the domination of Byzantines.
In 1460, although Bartın and its surrounding was within the borders of Ottoman Empire, Amasra was still a Genoese Colony. Mehmed II aimed to conquer Amasra, Kastamonu and Sinop in order to keep the Turkish unity, create a single political entity in Anatolia and take the control of the Black Sea Region commercial roads. In 1460 he came to Bartin and had the encampment built on where today's Orduyeri takes place. When he was informed that the navy had been seen, the Conquerer advanced towards Amasra with his army and conquered it without killing any people and ended the Genoese domination.
Between 1460 and 1692, Bartin was within the borders of Bolu Sanjak of Anatolian Beylerbeylik. After the Bolu Sanjak had been abolished, it was governed by voivodeships between 1692 and 1811. In 1811 it was adhered to the Bolu Sanjak which was established again under the control of Kastamonu Province.
Having a great commercial potential, Bartin became a county in 1867 and in 1876 its municipal organization was formed.
Where does the name "Bartin" come from?
It can be understood from the writings that the city built near the Parthenios, the name for the Bartin River in ancient times, was Parthenia which was then named Bartin. In Greek Mythology, Parthenios is the "God of Waters", one of the children of Okenaus, the Father of Gods. It also means the "gloriously flowing water". Another meaning is "young virgin or chorus songs for young girls". "Young Virgin" is an epithet used for the Goddess Athena.
Famous poet Homer tells in Iliada that some bravemen coming from the country where the river Parthenios flowed through joined to the heroes from Anatolia to defend the city, Troy.
HISTORY OF AMASRA
It takes its name from the Queen Amastris. It is located on a peninsula and two islands on the north of Bartin. Its surface area is about 120 square kilometers.
In the end of the 12th century B.C. Phyrigians settled in Bartin in the Bythinia Region and Phoenicians settled in Amasra in Paphlagonia Region. The Phoenicians formed their first Sidon colonies in Amasra (Sesomos), Eregli (Heraklia), Sinop (Sinope) and Tekkeonu (Kromna). In the 9th century B.C. as the balance of power failed, the Phoenicians and Carians left Amasra and Kromna.
After a century, Megaran immigrants having the same roots with the ionians settled in the region in the beginning of the 7th century. Amasra and Kromna with other Black Sea Region cities joined to the Ionian (miletus) colony.
Although the region was dominated by Cimmerians in the end of the 7th century B.C., by the Lydians in the 6th century B.C. and by the Persians in 547 B.C., the black sea region colonies kept their status for a long time.
Having ended the Persian domination in the region, the Macedonian King, Alexander the Great, granted Bartin and Ulus to the General Eumenes and Amasra and Tekkeonu to Phyrigian Satrap (Governor). The city which had been callled Sesamos since the 12th century B.C. was governed by the Queen Amastris between 302 and 286 B.C. and then was named after her.
Queen Amastris who was the niece of the persian King Dareios III and the sister in law of the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, married one of the commanders of Alexander and moved to Macedonia. She then married the Heraklia Tyrant, Dionysios in 322 B.C. and Thrazien King, Lysimachos in 302 B.C.
After those short marriages she then moved to Amasra and governed it on behalf of her sons. One day the ship she got on was sunk and she was killed by her sons in 286 B.C.
Queen Amastris, during her 16 year rule between 302 and 286 B.C., formed a city state (Symoikismos Union of Cites) in Amasra consisting of Tium (Filyos - Hisaronu), Kromna (Tekkeonu - Hisar), and Kytoros (Gideros). In 295 B.C. she declared independence, had coins minted in her name and adorned the city with artistic buildings.
In 279 B.C. the Pontus Kingdom became the dominant force in Amasra and its surrounding. In 70 B.C. Romans ended the domination of Pontus Kingdom and governed the city until 395 A.D. After the Roman Empire had been divided into two, Amasra remained under the control of Byzantines. The Bithynian and Pontian part in Paphlagonia Region began to be governed by Bithynian Pontian State through satrapial system and Amasra became the capital of the Pontian part of the State.
The Turkish Emirates established in 1084 under the domination of Seljuqs had serious troubles after the death of Suleyman Bey in 1086 and the First Crusade which was started in 1096. With the agreement made between the Crusade allies and the Byzantines, the Black Sea Coast line from Istanbul to Samsun including Amasra, Sinop and Eregli was again controlled by Byzantines.
In 1261, the Byzantine Empirer M. Paleologos called for help from Genoans to overcome the difficulties he was suffering from. Then Genoans were in return permitted to establish an installation and they took the control of Amasra and several harbours in the Black Sea Region by the Nymphaion Agreement in 1261. This changed the destiny of Amasra and it became an advanced Genoese colony. Genoans were the dominant force in Amasra until 1460 for 200 years.
Amasra has been an important place for military installation and a significant harbour city for trade.
Amasra for which the Great Sultan Mehmed II said "This must be the pupil of the earth" is likened to a "sleeping beauty".
Amasra is also known as the first tourism spot in the country as it was the first place with lodging and tent camping facilities in 1940s.
source: bartinkultur(dot)com
Tuesday, May 4, 2010
History of Batman
One of the southeastern Anatolian cities, Batman is a little province which takes its name from the river flowing on its west. The Batman river, spanned by the old Malabadi Bridge, draws the province's border with Diyarbakir, and then joins Tigris (Dicle) River passing through the land. The southeastern extensions of the Taurus Mountains on the other hand, stand on the eastern side of the region, together with the 1288 m high Raman Mountain. Here is one of the main crude oil production centers of Turkey, and the refinery at Batman was the first founded one in the country.
The history of the province reaches back to antiquity, and the land saw numerous dynasties throughout its long history. Experiencing Arab invasion around 700 AD, Batman was later dominated by Seljuks first and then by the Mongolians. It was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1514 after being under the influence of the Akkoyunlu and the Safevid throughout the 15th century.
In the early years of the Republic, Batman was attached to the province of Siirt and known as "Iluh". It first became a district in 1957, changing its name to Batman, and then a province centre in 1990. Once a part of the province of Siirt, the district was especially eminent during the time of Abbasid Caliphate.
Oil extraction and processing characterize the industry of the province. It has a provincial territory of 4,649 square kilometers and a population of 400,380 according to the 1997 Census. Its administrative districts are Besiri, Gercus, Hasankeyf, Kozluk and Sason.
Batman enjoyed a rapid development thanks to its oil reserves. The modern refinery was established in 1955 to process oil extracted from Raman and Garzan areas. The most important development which took place later was the completion of the 494 kilometers long pipeline between Batman and Iskenderun.
The railway which connects the town of Kurtalan near Batman to Istanbul was important in terms of transportation for a time. However, highways gained weight after 1950.
Upon the completion of GAP Project, services and commercial sectors will get stronger to accompany crude oil refinery. There will also be export oriented copper mining.
source: allaboutturkey(dot)com
The history of the province reaches back to antiquity, and the land saw numerous dynasties throughout its long history. Experiencing Arab invasion around 700 AD, Batman was later dominated by Seljuks first and then by the Mongolians. It was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1514 after being under the influence of the Akkoyunlu and the Safevid throughout the 15th century.
In the early years of the Republic, Batman was attached to the province of Siirt and known as "Iluh". It first became a district in 1957, changing its name to Batman, and then a province centre in 1990. Once a part of the province of Siirt, the district was especially eminent during the time of Abbasid Caliphate.
Oil extraction and processing characterize the industry of the province. It has a provincial territory of 4,649 square kilometers and a population of 400,380 according to the 1997 Census. Its administrative districts are Besiri, Gercus, Hasankeyf, Kozluk and Sason.
Batman enjoyed a rapid development thanks to its oil reserves. The modern refinery was established in 1955 to process oil extracted from Raman and Garzan areas. The most important development which took place later was the completion of the 494 kilometers long pipeline between Batman and Iskenderun.
The railway which connects the town of Kurtalan near Batman to Istanbul was important in terms of transportation for a time. However, highways gained weight after 1950.
Upon the completion of GAP Project, services and commercial sectors will get stronger to accompany crude oil refinery. There will also be export oriented copper mining.
source: allaboutturkey(dot)com
History of Karaman
In ancient times Karaman was known as Laranda. It was destroyed by Perdiccas in about 322 BC and later became a seat of Isaurian pirates. It belonged to the Roman and later Byzantine Empire until it was captured by the Seljuks in the early 12th century. Karaman was occupied by Frederick Barbarossa in 1190. It was subsequently an important military site as part of the Cilician Armenian Kingdom, until they lost it. In 1256, the town was taken by the Turkish warlord Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey and was renamed Karaman in his honour. From 1275, Karaman was the capital of the emirate (and later Ottoman province) of Karamanid. In 1468 Karamanid was conquered by the Ottomans and in 1483 the capital of the province was moved to Konya. Karaman has retained ruins of a Karamanid castle and some walls, two mosques and a Koran school (madrasah) from that age. An exquisite mihrab from a mosque from Karaman can now be found in the Çinili Pavilion near today's Archeology Museum in Istanbul. Many Armenians and Greeks who originated from this area still maintain the name Karaman within their surnames. Ex. In Greek 'Karamanis or Karamanlis'. In Armenian 'Karamanian or Karamanoukian'. The surname of the current Prime Minister of Greece is also Karamanlis.
Its former Christian status is reflected by the fact that there was a Roman Catholic titular see for the city.
Yunus Emre (c. 1238-1320), the poet resided in Karaman and is believed to be buried beside the Yunus Emre Mosque. A small adjacent park is adorned with quotations from his verse, many of them unfortunately graffiti-splattered. In 1222, the Sufi preacher Bahaeddin Veled arrived in town with his family, and the Karamanoğlu emir built a medrese to accommodate them. Veled's son was the famous Mevlana Jelaluddin Rumi, who married his wife, Gevher Hatun, while his family was living in Karaman. It was here, too, that Rumi's mother died in 1224. Today she is buried, along with other family members, in the Aktekke Mosque (also known as the Mader-i Mevlana Cami), which Alaeddin Ali Bey had built to replace the original medrese in 1370.
source: wikipedia(dot)org
Its former Christian status is reflected by the fact that there was a Roman Catholic titular see for the city.
Yunus Emre (c. 1238-1320), the poet resided in Karaman and is believed to be buried beside the Yunus Emre Mosque. A small adjacent park is adorned with quotations from his verse, many of them unfortunately graffiti-splattered. In 1222, the Sufi preacher Bahaeddin Veled arrived in town with his family, and the Karamanoğlu emir built a medrese to accommodate them. Veled's son was the famous Mevlana Jelaluddin Rumi, who married his wife, Gevher Hatun, while his family was living in Karaman. It was here, too, that Rumi's mother died in 1224. Today she is buried, along with other family members, in the Aktekke Mosque (also known as the Mader-i Mevlana Cami), which Alaeddin Ali Bey had built to replace the original medrese in 1370.
source: wikipedia(dot)org
History of Bayburt
If you want to go to Trabzon from Erzurum by road; you will first reach to Bayburt after you crest the Kop Mountains. Established near the Çoruh river, this pleasant city is the gateway of Eastern Anatolia to the North with its castle witnessing 3000 years of the history, with its toga and Kete.
The story of the name of the city and its establishment date are not known precisely. What is known for today is its name was recorded as Payberd in Armenian resources, as Payper, Baberd and Paypert in Byzantium resources. Passing from that region in the 8th Century, Marko Polo wrote the name of the city his travel book as Paipurth, Baiburt. On the other hand, in the literature telling the history of Akkoyunlu, the last syllable of the word, that is Berd means "high castle" but the first syllable of the word does not have a meaning. Visiting the city in 1647, Evliya Çelebi defined the meaning of Bayburt as the first syllable Bay meant “wealthy” and the second syllable burt meant "land". In the records of Ottoman period, the name of the city was recorded as Bayburt in line with today's pronunciation.
In his “Anabasis”, Xenophanes mentioned Bayburt as a big, crowded and wealthy city. Bayburt was an Iskit city. Iskits were the Turks which we have known as Scyths.
Bayburt has been a Turk city for approximately 5000 years.
According to the current resources, the history of Bayburt dates back to the 3000s B.C. City was established by Azizis. Bayburt was raided by Kimmers and Iskits between 770 and 665 B.C. Than the region was dominated by Haldis. After a short time the region was occupied by Meds and than was reoccupied by Persians. Bayburt was bound to the Kingdom of Pontus in the 2nd Century B.C. and it was seized by the Roman Empire. Occupied by Emevis in 705 B.C. Bayburt was reoccupied by Byzantium in 711. Bayburt was conquered by Seljuks. Bayburt where was the establishment and rising land of the Akkoyunlu State was bound to Ottomans in 1514. It was occupied by Russians in 1828 and the city was captured by Russians and Armenians before and during the 1st World War. People of Bayburt were forced to migrate at that time. Saved from the enemy occupation on February 21st 1918, Bayburt was a county of Erzurum province until 1927 and of Gümüşhane until 1989. By the law numbered 3578, Bayburt gained its provincial status from 21.06.1989.
source: bayburttso(dot)org
The story of the name of the city and its establishment date are not known precisely. What is known for today is its name was recorded as Payberd in Armenian resources, as Payper, Baberd and Paypert in Byzantium resources. Passing from that region in the 8th Century, Marko Polo wrote the name of the city his travel book as Paipurth, Baiburt. On the other hand, in the literature telling the history of Akkoyunlu, the last syllable of the word, that is Berd means "high castle" but the first syllable of the word does not have a meaning. Visiting the city in 1647, Evliya Çelebi defined the meaning of Bayburt as the first syllable Bay meant “wealthy” and the second syllable burt meant "land". In the records of Ottoman period, the name of the city was recorded as Bayburt in line with today's pronunciation.
In his “Anabasis”, Xenophanes mentioned Bayburt as a big, crowded and wealthy city. Bayburt was an Iskit city. Iskits were the Turks which we have known as Scyths.
Bayburt has been a Turk city for approximately 5000 years.
According to the current resources, the history of Bayburt dates back to the 3000s B.C. City was established by Azizis. Bayburt was raided by Kimmers and Iskits between 770 and 665 B.C. Than the region was dominated by Haldis. After a short time the region was occupied by Meds and than was reoccupied by Persians. Bayburt was bound to the Kingdom of Pontus in the 2nd Century B.C. and it was seized by the Roman Empire. Occupied by Emevis in 705 B.C. Bayburt was reoccupied by Byzantium in 711. Bayburt was conquered by Seljuks. Bayburt where was the establishment and rising land of the Akkoyunlu State was bound to Ottomans in 1514. It was occupied by Russians in 1828 and the city was captured by Russians and Armenians before and during the 1st World War. People of Bayburt were forced to migrate at that time. Saved from the enemy occupation on February 21st 1918, Bayburt was a county of Erzurum province until 1927 and of Gümüşhane until 1989. By the law numbered 3578, Bayburt gained its provincial status from 21.06.1989.
source: bayburttso(dot)org
History of Aksaray
Aksaray is in the Capadocia region, where human habitation can be traced back to 8th century BC. The first settlements were from the Neolithic period, evidence of which can be found from the remains of Asikli Tumulus. Between 2000-3000 BC, it became an important trade center. Various civilizations have since left their mark on Aksaray, which subsequently came under the Hittite, Roman, Byzantine, Selcuklu and Ottoman influences. From the 1st century AD, Christianity began to spread in the Anatolian region with the coming of St. Paul and his disciples.
source: turkeyforyou(dot)com
source: turkeyforyou(dot)com
History of Yozgat
After the old administrative center of the region, Tavium (Büyüknefes), became ruined, a new centre was created by Çapanoğlu, the founder of a powerful derebey family and called Bozok. The Ottoman Empire annexed Yozgat in 1398. At around 1911, it was the chief town of a sanjak of the same name in the Ankara Province, of the Ottoman Empire. There was a trade in yellow madder (Stil de grain yellow) and mohair. The sanjak was very fertile, and contained good breeding-grounds in which cattle, horses and even camels were reared for the local agriculture and foreign trade.
source: wikipedia(dot)org
source: wikipedia(dot)org
History of Tunceli
The history of the province stretches back to antiquity. It has been mentioned as 'Daranalis' by Ptolemy, and seemingly, it was referred to as 'Daranis' before him. One theory as to the origin of the name associates with the Persian Emperor Darius.
The area that would become Tunceli province formed part of Urartu, Media, the Achaemenid Empire, and the Greater Armenian region of Sophene. Sophene was later contested by the Roman and Parthian Empires and by their respective successors, the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires. Arabs invaded in the 7th century, and Seljuq Turks in the 11th.
As of the end of the 19th century, the region (called "Tunceli") was included in the Ottoman sancak (subprovince) of Hozat, depending the city and the province of Mamuret-ül Aziz (Elazığ today), with the exception of the actual district of Pülümür, which depended on the neighboring sancak of Erzincan, then a part of the Erzurum Province. This status continued through the first years of the Republic of Turkey, until 1936 when the name of the province ("Tunceli") was changed to Tunceli, literally 'the land of bronze' in Turkish (tunç meaning 'bronze' and el (in this context) meaning 'land') after the Dersim Rebellion. The center of the province has been fixed in the town of Kalan and the district of Pülümür has been added within the boundaries of the new province.
source: wikipedia(dot)org
The area that would become Tunceli province formed part of Urartu, Media, the Achaemenid Empire, and the Greater Armenian region of Sophene. Sophene was later contested by the Roman and Parthian Empires and by their respective successors, the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires. Arabs invaded in the 7th century, and Seljuq Turks in the 11th.
As of the end of the 19th century, the region (called "Tunceli") was included in the Ottoman sancak (subprovince) of Hozat, depending the city and the province of Mamuret-ül Aziz (Elazığ today), with the exception of the actual district of Pülümür, which depended on the neighboring sancak of Erzincan, then a part of the Erzurum Province. This status continued through the first years of the Republic of Turkey, until 1936 when the name of the province ("Tunceli") was changed to Tunceli, literally 'the land of bronze' in Turkish (tunç meaning 'bronze' and el (in this context) meaning 'land') after the Dersim Rebellion. The center of the province has been fixed in the town of Kalan and the district of Pülümür has been added within the boundaries of the new province.
source: wikipedia(dot)org
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